English Oral - Lady Windermere's Fan - Oscar Wilde Essay

English Oral - Lady Windermere's Fan - Oscar Wilde - Essay Example She confronts her husband but he instead invites the other woman, Mrs. Erlynne, to her birthday ball. Angered by her husbands unfaithfulness, Lady Windermere leaves her husband for another lover. After discovering what has transpired, Mrs. Erlynne follows Lady Windermere and attempts to persuade her to return to her husband and in the course of this, Mrs. Erlynne is discovered in a compromising position. She sacrifices herself and her reputation in order to save Lady Windermeres marriage. The book, Lady Windermere’s Fan was staged in St. Jhames Theatre in London as a play in February 1892. This was written at the request of George Alexander, actor-manager of the St Jamess Theatre in London. Wilde described it as "one of those modern drawing-room plays with pink lampshades". It was immediately successful, the author making the enormous sum of seven thousand pounds from the original run.1 Numerous characters in the play draw their names from places in the north of England: Lady Windermere from the lake Windermere, the Duchess of Berwick from Berwick-upon-Tweed, Lord Darlington from Darlington.The plays Broadway premiere on 15, 1892 at Palmers Theatre was also the first Broadway performance for stage and screen actress Julia Arthur, who played Lady Windermere. Lady Windermeres eavesdropping convinces her of her husbands fidelity. Also Mrs. Erlynnes sacrifice of her own reputation convinces her of the older womans virtue. Further adding to the dramatic intensity, the story often has the eavesdropper leave something behind in the room. Hamilton criticized the book; He is an English teacher at Gary Academy, an innovative private school in Gary, North Carolina. He explores how the wit in Lady Windermeres Fan contributes to the structure and meaning of the plot, while also investing the book with a satirical jab at high society. Likewise, Jacobs, one of the critics of Oscar Wilde, examines Wildes use of fantasy in exploring the

Expanding Your Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Expanding Your Business - Essay Example In addition, the initial capital outlay for purchasing an existing coffee shop was found to be affordable with the available capital without seeking debt financing which has higher leverage risk (Ward, 2014). The financial plan for Coffee shop will be summarized below into three financial statements namely: income statement, cash flow statement and balance sheet. The statement of financial position will comprises of all revenues/ incomes and expenses incurred in the previous financial year. The cash flow statement will provide the cash generated from financing and operating activities as well as cash outflow. Finally, the balance sheet below commonly known as statement of financial position will display the current and noncurrent assets of Coffee Hot Cafe as well as equity and liabilities of the business (Ward, 2014). Guerrilla-marketing strategy entails promoting a product by presenting its messages from nowhere thereby, capturing the attention of consumers by creating a large impression before disappearing. Coffee Hot Cafe will utilize various Guerrilla marketing strategies to capture the attention of different customers as well as to increase sales and profitability. Among the strategies that will be utilized include. Media, marketing via events, utilization of giveaways, partnership, free demonstrations and word of mouth. Coffee Hot Cafe will influence the media to talk about their products; this will help to create awareness among the members of the public. The use of media may also involve inviting media people to an educative workshop on healthy eating. Further, Coffee Cafe may employ event marketing. This entails participating or supporting certain events such as soccer, volleyball and athletic games. Such events may help to create awareness about the company products (Sam Ashe-Edmunds, 2 014). Giveaway strategy may involve donating to charity or offering free

Managing Enterprise in Health and Social Care

Managing Enterprise in Health and Social Care Nita Nathaniel TASK ONE Entrepreneurs are people who move forward toward risky situations or pursuing opportunities which others see as threats or problems. They are classed as founders of businesses large and small by starting a self-employed service or buying a shop or franchise retail outlet. They are individuals who are innovative in nature and put their ideas into action by creating a new product and introducing it in a market or bring about an operational change in an existing business. They are characterised as people who are flexible not rigid and that is why they are tolerant with ambiguity. They are self-confident and with a passion for what they do, they go all out to achieve it with high levels of energy. They love independence and therefore want to have full control of all and be self-reliant Entrepreneurs usually come from families with the same parentage of entrepreneurs and therefore having life experience and the same desire towards creativity they innovate and start a business. There are s ome misconceptions about entrepreneurs like money is the key to their success, they have a business degree or they are young and gamblers because they are risk takers (Anthony’s lecture notes, 2014). Entrepreneurship means risk taking behaviour combined with strategic thinking that creates new opportunities for people, resulting in monetary and personal satisfaction rewards. People become entrepreneurs either due to necessity because of lack of employment opportunities or career options or because they are looking for solution to problems or trying new, innovative ways regarding some big social issue like homelessness. There is a changing phase in entrepreneurship. Nowadays there are more and more women becoming entrepreneurs (Anthony’s lecture notes, 2014). Small businesses are characterised as owned and operated independently with 500 or less employees. The changing face of technical advancement has been a blessing for entrepreneurs as most of the small businesses are internet based. They are mostly based on family ownership which usually involves succession problems and family feuds. Not all small businesses flourish. Some fail and that is due to poor financial control, fast growing pace, not sufficient commitment and lack of experience, expertise and strategic leadership. Every entrepreneurial company or creative venture has a life cycle of three stages: birth, breakthrough and maturity and each stage demands different managerial ways of handling it. The birth stage can be defined as a fight for existence and survival, dealing with getting finances and customers and starting the company. The breakthrough stage is moving towards growth by becoming profitable and the maturity stage deals with moving wisely with investment of resources open to flexible ideas for expansion and further growth. A new venture or business should have a plan including items like an executive summary and an analysis of the industry with a description of the company, market, operations, product and services and staffing along with a marketing strategy and the capital to start the business, a financial backup to cross the milestones. Different forms of ownership include sole ownership, partnership which could be general, limited or limited liability or a corporation or a limited liability corporation. There are different ways of securing finance for the new business either as debt or equity finance. Equity finance alternatives include angel investors, initial public offerings (IPO) and venture capitalists The plan should have an attached copyright (Anthony’s lecture notes, 2014). Entrepreneurial orientation is of great importance in the health and social care business sector. It is the most changing and diverse market ever hence the need for entrepreneurship. New diseases like dementia and Alzheimer’s and infections like the novo virus and other bugs, all need new remedies and medication and all new innovations need risk takers to keep going till they find that one product to launch into the market. With the ever evolving technology advancement which helps as drugs can be made faster and the production gets increased immeasurably. Some diseases which are quite old like cancer but yet do not have a cure need more innovative minds to strive for a medication to help because without a cure more and more people are contracting it with no help in sight. The few treatments are old and not so effective and expensive. With more people needing treatment we need to find more cost effective ways. People change and so do their circumstances, situations, habits and needs and therefore health social care has to change to accommodate these needs. We deal with diverse cultural backgrounds. All the major drug companies started with entrepreneurship and are now well established. Some of them have on going changes with regards to treatment technology and the invention of new drugs and they are thriving but there are others who are not so innovative and hence are on the decline. Most hospitals are facing a crisis because people are coming with newer infections and problems and they need more space, more drugs, more finance and faster control measures which are all dependent on entrepreneurship. TASK TWO Case Study Border Cottage Care started from humble beginnings and then taking it through change became a major player in their community and is still considering further changes to move with the changing times to reach higher goals. The care company owners Richard Brightmore and Sarah Jordan realised that the elderly and the physically and mentally disabled adults in their community of Wakefield district wanted to maintain their independence and remain in their own homes and not in a residential care or nursing home. They saw the opportunity and moved from their office from their home into a business centre, employing just 4 staff and took advantage of the all-inclusive fee, professional office surroundings and onsite staff support providing business advice and guidance. Gap Analysis in management literature is described as the comparison between the actual performance and the potential desired performance (Wikipedia, 2014). The care company owners understood their potential customers and keeping their requirement in mind and aligning the vision of their company with their customers’ demands changed the direction of their company in order to reach their potential desired goal of expanding and growing and moving with the times. PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) analysis is used as a business measurement tool to understand the market growth or decline which in turn determines the position, potential and direction of any business. Another interpretation is STEEPLED which includes all aspects – Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, Ethical and Demographic. In most situations the original PEST covers all the factors. Demographic factor gets covered in the Social issue and Ethical factors could b e included in both Social or political Factor. Ecological and Environmental factors could be placed under any one or all four PEST factors depending upon their effect. A SWOT analysis is used to measure a business unit, idea or a proposition (Anthony’s lecture notes 2014). The PEST analysis in this case study would include the following: The PEST factors are external factors which answer the why, when and what questions of any business. With all the help and support from Wakefield council’s managed workspace team and business advisors the company’s turnover grew substantially. All the extra profits gave way to options of expansion in wider spheres of Day Care Centre and home care division with more employment opportunities for more local people. After getting a profile on their target customers of elderly people wanting to stay in their own homes within the community enjoying their independence with some outside help through care assistants the company decided to open a care agency to provide the same exactly the direct alternative to their original business plan of opening a nursing or care home. The gap analysis tool helped the company owners to see the potential business idea and change their business plans and turn them around to fit the market. They recognised the opportunity through the profiling process of their customers. The customers are all elderly, physically and mentally disabled adults who will need some care and support depending on their exact situation which will be assessed after scrutiny of their medical records, their living standards dependent on the money available to them and through what sources and other demographics of their ethnicity and background. As the elderly will be in the age group of 60 and above but the physically and mentally disabled could be in different age groups and therefore their care and support will differ significantly. The other important factor is that they want to stay in their own homes and this also would be for different reasons. Could be that they are mobile and want their independence or they want to live in their surroundings with the memories of their families. The reasons could be as varied as each individual. So Border Cottage Care was born but for it to flourish the owners had to move into a business centre in order to get all the professional help and business advice and support. This move was the result of the external or pest analysis as described above. As their company grew and their contacts increased so did their business. They expanded into other areas of care namely the day care centre and homecare division. Any work done with a passion will prove to be successful and therefore as the owners of this company seem to work in alignment t o its mission they are confident of the service that they provide to their clients through their highly trained staff and the training itself is provided by the council college. They already have had their first inspection and have been rated as â€Å"3 star excellent† by the CQC. So this company’s management knows how to use the resources that are at their disposal and to put them to the best use of their business. By the continuing of the external analysis process they are in a position to know their competitors and also they have to be one step ahead of them to beat them in the business arena. They need to expand and dominate all the different areas of care in their district in order to continue to have their place in the market with a profit. Richard Brightmore, director of Border Cottage Care mentioned in his speech about all these achievements and acknowledged the support they had received from the district council and hoped for its continuation for the future growth of the business. As the new additions of the day centre and providing high quality care to more local residents means recruiting more local staff. As the company is expanding so is the staff at all levels but as the head of the company the owners are now contemplating whether the senior level management staff is equipped with the expertise and the extra skills required for its growth to other areas. To ensure that they have the right people in key leadership positions to take the company growth to new heights and horizons some companies turn to assessment companies who can help them evaluate the capabilities of their senior level managers. This assessment is based on mainly the SWOT analysis of their own company and comparing it with its competitor’s staff for its future direction and growth with the competitive advantage. Competitive advantage meaning meeting the customer’s needs better with lower costs and maximum customer satisfaction. For a company to monitor its competitive success it is imperative for the company’s managers to understand the company costs and skills it has in comparison to its competitors company. Cost differences arise due to the levels of investments in the infrastructure based on its employee’s skills and productivity. In the UK the NHS Direct via the internet was promoted to help patients get medical information faster through the internet which helped them to increase their knowledge and direct their own health care (Hannagan, 2002). TASK THREE Health and Social Care Businesses are expensive to start or to expand to keep in the market with a profit hence they need to be protected in all circumstances which is why we need insurance policies to fall on in times of need. Unforeseen circumstances or situations are all part of everyday life and we cannot always prevent them all but we can make prior arrangements to cushion the impact in the unlikely event of some occurrence beyond our immediate control. That is where the legal framework of the business becomes a core and crucial part without which we could not move ahead. This legal framework revolves round insurance companies which take care of the financial side of the business after unexpected occurrences affect it. The working of an insurance company is that we have a deal with them and they charge a certain amount and if and when an unexpected occurrence does happen, they deliver the service of providing the cash for recovery and repair or whatever the terms might hold in t he contract. If the business is accident prone or any other circumstances which can be foreseen as being damaging or affecting the business negatively then the charge is higher or a premium rate is included. The insurance companies utilise the services of underwriters who help by creating matching portfolios by assessing the risks and accepting them with the factors that make them behave in similar fashion. Insurance companies need these services of underwriters to protect their own businesses from ruin or disaster (Anthony’s lecture notes, 2014). Although there are some similarities between Copyrights, Patents and Trademarks but all these kinds of intellectual property protections are different and serve different purposes. Copyright provides protection for the original works of authorship both published and unpublished including artistic, dramatic, literary, and musical and some others. The copyright act of 1976 gave the right to authors to make any changes that they wanted to their piece of work at any time (general information concerning patents, 2014), (Patten, 2008). So copyright would help medical writings and descriptions of the makeup of medicines. Patents are granted rights for inventions to their inventors excluding anyone else selling or importing or using that right. The patent is generally for a period of 20 years from the date of its application (general information concerning patents, 2014), (Patten, 2008). In the health industry this is used in inventions of medicines, vaccines and researches. Trademark is a device, name, symbol or word used by a company to distinguish it from the others and for others from preventing them to make a confusingly similar model (general information concerning patents, 2014), (Patten, 2008). Trademarks usually help in selecting the branded medicines as they are more effective in some cases due to continued research and are more costly. These legally enforceable agreements are important for any new business ventures but more so in the field of health care. The health care field is an historic field which has seen many inventions through researches of centuries past to develop new drugs for new and complex diseases and disorders and genetic problems. Scientists are always working on new ideas and turning the old ones inside out to find cures to incurable maladies. REFERENCES Anthony’s Lecture Notes, 2014. Wikipedia, 2014 [Online]. Patten, D (2008) How to market your business. 6th Ed. Kogan Page Ltd. General Information Concerning Patents, Online Report in October 2014 by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Hannagan, T (2002) Management Concepts and Practices.3rd ed. Prentice Hall, England.

Erwin Rommel :: essays research papers

Erwin Rommel Jr. was born on November 15, 1891 in a small WÃ ¼rtemburg town of Heidenheim. His father Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel was a local schoolmaster and former artillery officer. His mother Helena von Luz was the daughter of the local Regierungs-Prasident. Rommel was one of five children, though his brother Manfred had died at an early age. As a child, he was reasonable and very gifted academically and athletically. He was educated at TÃ ¼bingen, a military school in Stuttgart. Rommel planned to apply to the Zeppelin works at Friederichshafen; his father did not approve, and advised him to enter the army. In July 1910, Rommel became a cadet in the 124th WÃ ¼rtemburg Infantry Regiment in the 26th Infantry Division of the German Imperial Infantry. He served as a cadet until March 1911, then began attending the prestigious military academy Konigliche Kriegsschule in Danzig. His eight-month course ended in November 1911, in which time he rose to Lieutenant: Corporal in October and Sergeant at the end of the year. While at the academy he met his future wife Lucie Mollin whom he wrote to everyday during both World Wars, and married in 1916. In January 1912 Rommel rejoined the 124th WÃ ¼rtemburg Infantry. In summer 1914, he served as artillery attachment in drilling practices near Ulm. On July 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand, the Archduke of Austria, was assassinated. The assassination was a major cause of World War I, Rommel’s first true combat tests. Rommel’s first battle was at Longwy after twenty-four hours of marching and riding. He believed that the only successful way to deploy his troops was to be at the front of them. On August 22, 1914, Rommel spotted a group of fifteen to twenty French soldiers. Rommel and his three-man reconnaissance team opened fire in the town of Bleid. Shortly after, eight hundred yards northeast of Bleid at freshly dug trenches, he charged the French with parts of his regiment. Then assisted by two other men Rommel drove off a whole French column, after all the action Rommel passed out from lack of sleep. The battle of Longwy caused a loss of 15% of Rommel’s men and 25% of his officers. Medical doctors informed Rommel after the battle, that he was suffering from food poisoning, but Rommel would not leave the field.

Stonyfield Case Study

Stonyfield Case Study PowerPoint Script Introduction of Team Diversity Members: AMBA Team Summary of Stonyfield Farm Case Study I. What factors should StonyField Farm review before going international? Reasons to expand in international markets – Increased profits in international markets – Expansion and diversification of customer base – New business opportunities and investments Major Factors to consider before going International Minimizing Production Costs – Researching the labor laws of the specific country – Working with local vendors and suppliers directly Dealing with low trade barriers – Utilizing subsidies from local governments – Resources access to inexpensive resources and raw materials Economies of Scale – Strategies to reducing production costs – Knowing of the geographic location for the international expansion – Understanding the markets- knowing consumers wants and needs – Knowing the forei gn countries economic and political systems Economies of Scope – The variety of products and services the company wants to offers (Daft, 2010) – Determining the geographic regions of expansion Knowing the markets size II. What are the major ways for Stonyfield to take their operations global? Form Strategic Alliances with local partners Indirect Exporter – Creating strategic alliances with other firms to increase market share ( Horngren, Sundem and Stratton, 2002) – Contract with local vendors and suppliers to manage resources Direct Exporting Methods – Establishing a domestic-based export department – Creating overseas sales branches or subsidiaries – Utilizing export sales representative using foreign based distributors and agents Licensing Stonyfield could consider selling its rights to other companies to use as trademarked names in the foreign markets Joint Ventures and Consortia – Establishing a separate entity with two or more active firms in the industry as sponsors – Stonyfield farm will benefit from sharing development and production cost, and penetrate new markets – Combined knowledge of local markets, shared strengths in technology and distribution channels will make them marketable III. Recommendations for StonyField Farm on how they should restructure to take their operations global?Slide 1 – Stonyfield in the Multinational stage and the re-structured company – Start by exporting products via strategic alliances with local partners for a test period. – Evaluate the market demand and profit forecasts; make a decision on further expansion. Expanding to the Multinational stage with Overseas farms & Sales Teams – Stonyfield establishes farms and sales teams in their host countries – This will reduce delivery time and cost. – It will also ensure fresh products and eco-friendly message.Operations & Strategy department in head office oversees a ll location specific teams – Basic farm production would be globally standardized for quality control – Overseas teams would have autonomy over marketing, packaging/labeling, shipping, and special flavors for local tastes. It will make them more adaptable. [pic] Slide 2 – Structure of the local teams, outsourcing local roles and use of technology – Managers have full autonomy in pursuing local opportunities, and maintain good supply chain relationships. HR, marketing and sales and other staff can be hired locally or outsourced to local companies. – Local staff’s knowledge of the host country culture and nuances will be useful in understanding the market. Technology for the new global organizational structure – Software technology will allow flow of information between overseas and field offices. – Allows for flow of ideas, information, and troubleshooting. – Software tracking system will also allow tracking of supplies a nd products. IV. How can Stonyfield Farm mange to maintain their â€Å"eco-friendly† operations internationally?Explore current operating functions and all potential factors – Stonyfield should conduct research on farming and dairy production industries in both UK and France – Should do research about the market, competitors and other eco friendly competitions Environmental impact of Stonyfield products and host country regulations – Become familiar with applicable environmental regulations – They learn about the impact of this environmental standards and regulations – It will be advantageous for Stonyfield to review the international established regulations and revise its operating standards – Recycling and waste management is another important regulation that should be taken seriously. Minimizing eco-friendly production costs in host countries – Production costs will be expensive as transitioning into foreign markets is chall enging – Operations need to be restructured to focus on sustaining manufacturing and design – Stonyfield’s main objective is to consume minimal amounts of resources and energy using recycled materials Clear production and pricing strategy It is necessary for Stonyfield to create a defined production and pricing strategy – They need to continually make production more efficient, work to decrease waste and resource usage Consumer patronage of eco-friendly products and their concerns – Recent studies indicate that 93 percent of consumers say they actively participate in eco-friendly events and 37 percent of those individuals are concerned about the environment (Borin, Cerf, & Krishnan, 2011). – The a growing demand or eco-friendly products (Borin, Cerf, & Krishnan, 2011) Marketing eco-friendly products – More companies are creating their own labels in their effort to differentiate themselves in the market place – Stonyfieldâ€℠¢s marketing plan should focus on packaging and labeling with eco friendly logos, making sure all messages are legible and informative. – They should also refer to packaging regulations and green marketing tools Importance of labeling in eco-friendly products Labeling is important because it informs the customers about the quality of the products and its shows value (Menzel, Smagin, & David, 2010). – When labeling the package, Stonyfield should remember to focus on informing the consumer about the consumer about the product. References AMBA 610 Course Pack: Daft, R L. , (2010). Organization theory and design (10th ed. ), 211-216, Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. Borin, N. , Cerf, D. C. , & Krishnan, R. (2011). Consumer effects of environmental impact in product labeling. Journal of Consumer Marketing , 28 (1), 78-86. Horngren, C. T, Sundem, G. L. & Stratton, W. O (2002). Introduction to management accounting (12th ed. ), 227-235.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Grimm, M. (2005, November 28). Progressive business, Brandweek, 46 (43), 26. Retrieved December 17, 2010 from http://ezproxy. umuc. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=bth&AN=20445636&login. asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site Gurtoo, A. , & Antony, S. (2007). Environmental regulations Indirect and unintended consequences on economy and business. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Jornal , 18 (6), 626-637. Menzel, V. , Smagin, J. , & David, F. (2010). Can companies profit from greener manufacturing? Measuring Business Excellence , 14 (2), 22-31.

Enron: What Caused the Ethical Collapse

It is not easy to find one single person, who can be blamed for the collapse of Enron, because there was so many players in so many levels. We can’t find one responsible person, but there are many person who shared the blame for the scandal that turned Enron into the ultimate poster child for fraudulent accounting practices, and caused one of the largest bankruptcies in the us history. The key people involved internally at Enron were the executives, Kenneth Lay (Chairman and CEO), Jeffrey Skilling (President and CEO), and Andrew Fastow (CFO). They built up a highly successful company, but soon they began to divert funds into phony investments, and cashed their own stocks, while the price was still high. From October 1999 to November 2001, Lay sold a total 1. 8 million shares for $101 million. Altogether, 29 Enron officers pocketed $1. 2billion from selling Enron shares, while unsuspecting employees went broke. Simultaneously, while this was going on, more than half of employees’ 401(k) savings, or about $1. 2 billion, were invested in Enron stock, which were rendered worthless. The chairman sent an email to the workers: the company had â€Å"never been stronger† and its future growth â€Å"has never been more certain†, so most of the workers held their stocks, because nobody could foresee what was about to happen. In Texas, the Teachers Retirement system lost $35. 7 million in Enron stock, In Florida; the pension fund for teachers, state employees, and county workers bought 7 million shares of Enron stock (the fund that covers 650,000 workers and 150,000 retirees estimate they lost $306 million). In the end millions in 401(k) savings were lost. Enron was hiding massive losses by using their strategy of â€Å"mark to market† accounting. Fastow was also found by an internal Enron investigation to have secretly made $30 million from managing one of these partnerships. Outside of the company, Arthur Andersen, the gigantic accounting firm responsible for Enron’s accounting and outside auditing, also shares some blame for the scandal. In theory, companies can't get away with cooking their books because honest, independent accounting firms are looking over their shoulders, protecting the public. In the case of Enron, however, Arthur Andersen failed at their duties. Four days before Enron reported a staggering loss of $618 million for the third quarter of 2001, one of Andersen's top lawyers sent out a memo ordering his staff to shred all Enron-related audit documents. Dvid Duncan got the maximum sentence for his crimes is ten years. redit rating agencys: Credit rating agencies like Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch failed to inform investors how risky buying a company’s bonds might be, failed to spot any problems with Enron until the company was nearly bankrupt, only downgrading its bonds on 28 November 2001. t S&P and Fitch told a Fortune reporter they had no idea how Enron made its money. The lack of regulations, and the good relations with the White House, allowed Enron to have major influ ence over policy in America. On economic policy, Enron wanted complete deregulation with no government interference. They got it. On energy policy, Enron wanted no caps on electricity prices in California. They got it. On tax policy, Enron wanted elimination of the corporate alternative minimum tax. They got it. In the end these policies created the perfect environment for their unethical games. The ultimate example occurred throughout the year 2000 during the California Electricity Crisis. The Enron traders exported the cheap electricity from California to another state and later they take it back and sold it for a higher price. This causes 42 billion losses in California in three years.

Free Essays on Stayhome Dads

We hear about the famous scenario all the time. A working woman leaving her desktop for a laptop at home to better parent her children. However, have working men also been inserted in the real life scenario? The answer is YES! Many men have given up their jobs to become stay-at-home parents and I absolutely agree with their decisions to make a change to alter the future lives of their children. Times have definitely changed as well as the roles of women. America used to be viewed as the country with working fathers bringing home the financial means while the mother’s job was to raise the children. It is widely known that women stayed home and made sure the children were bathed, clothed, and fed. Women have risen up to the challenges of men in the work force, which means there is a demand for roles to be either shared or switched at home between the mother and father. I think that our society is changing so much that a stay-at-home father is uncommon but isn’t such a big deal. We are starting to get use to everything changing and women taking a stand. Now that our society is beginning to be open minded, fathers don’t even see it as a issue or as an interference in living their lives has â€Å"working† men. However, with all this said the question often arises, â€Å"Who’s taking care of the children?† Many parents believe in hiring nannies for their children, but I do not feel this is right. I like the idea of a parent staying home or cutting hours to spend time with their children. Not many people are fortunate to have parents or to even have kids so to be able to have the best of both worlds just seems like a blessing and something that would be tragic to miss out on. I think children really benefit from having their dads home. That is a learning experience. We grow up automatically drawn to our mothers because they provide the nurture and love we need. I think having a father would be a different kind of nu... Free Essays on Stayhome Dads Free Essays on Stayhome Dads We hear about the famous scenario all the time. A working woman leaving her desktop for a laptop at home to better parent her children. However, have working men also been inserted in the real life scenario? The answer is YES! Many men have given up their jobs to become stay-at-home parents and I absolutely agree with their decisions to make a change to alter the future lives of their children. Times have definitely changed as well as the roles of women. America used to be viewed as the country with working fathers bringing home the financial means while the mother’s job was to raise the children. It is widely known that women stayed home and made sure the children were bathed, clothed, and fed. Women have risen up to the challenges of men in the work force, which means there is a demand for roles to be either shared or switched at home between the mother and father. I think that our society is changing so much that a stay-at-home father is uncommon but isn’t such a big deal. We are starting to get use to everything changing and women taking a stand. Now that our society is beginning to be open minded, fathers don’t even see it as a issue or as an interference in living their lives has â€Å"working† men. However, with all this said the question often arises, â€Å"Who’s taking care of the children?† Many parents believe in hiring nannies for their children, but I do not feel this is right. I like the idea of a parent staying home or cutting hours to spend time with their children. Not many people are fortunate to have parents or to even have kids so to be able to have the best of both worlds just seems like a blessing and something that would be tragic to miss out on. I think children really benefit from having their dads home. That is a learning experience. We grow up automatically drawn to our mothers because they provide the nurture and love we need. I think having a father would be a different kind of nu...

A nation for the massacre of Jews in Europe

A nation for the massacre of Jews in Europe The period between 1939 to1941 remains a historical predisposition for the Jews and Nazi-Germans as it was the period of the Holocaust. It was a time that the rivalry between the Jews and Nazi emanated. In light of this, many Jews were murdered by people whom they had lived cohesively. The details of those events are detailed by two books written by Jan Gross and Jan Karski respectively. Published on diverse dates, these books chronicle the events that happened in a realistic approach.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on A Nation for the Massacre of Jews in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The events that catapulted the mass murders of Polish Jews are chronicled in Jan T. Gross’s book, Neighbors: The destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland by fellow citizens in a village resided by the Nazi’s in Poland. In the book published in 2001, the author uses pieces of eye witnesses accoun ts to produce the book that received criticism across the geographical divide. Murderous acts were carried out by people on Jedwabnes existing Jews. It was in 1941 and the Jews knew the people who carried out the act well. They had lived cohesively but on this fateful day, their friends turned to foes. The murderous acts were executed in an inhuman way. For example, the Jewish population in Poland were confined in a barn then set on fire. On the other hand, the Story of a secret state, written by Jan Karski provides a personal experience of the Nazi-Jewish mass killings in Poland. Karski was a doctoral student in Poland. He gives an account of how the killings were executed in his book. Published in1944, the book delves information and the details of the massacre from a personal view. Karski narrates that while in a group of other Polish soldiers, they were held hostage by Russian soldiers under wooden barns. In light of this, Karski plotted an escape with the help of fellow hostage , Lieutenant Kurpios. He underwent numerous traps and landed himself as a Polish underground in various countries including France. He travelled to London to inform the Polish government in exile there on the pains of the Jewish people[1]. In his experiences he encountered the difficulties that the Jewish community was undergoing in their foreign land. Critique Gross’s book has arguably led to a foray of criticism from various quarters. These quarters have been ethnologists and historians. Gross relied heavily on third party knowledge with minimal consultations in other study tools such as historical facts in archives. Historians argue that Grosss work is more like a journal article and not as a work of history.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, he uses the setting of burning barn of Jedwabne to construct Polish-Jewish relations. He arguably focuses on p articulars to make generalizations, simply known as inductive reasoning. For instance, he makes generalizations on limited data. Moreover, the book is so shallow in giving the details of the massacre. It largely details the attacks with minimal literature on the reasons for the attacks. A casual reader with prior knowledge of the atrocities committed might find it hard to understand the book. For example, the book only chronicles the events of the massacre, making it partial. This implies that it looks at the massacre from a one-sided perspective without giving the reader the other side of the coin [2] Another major flaw in Grosss work was his alienation of facts that the pre-war Jewish- Polish relations had considerable effects on the Jedwabne massacre. He largely depended on the accounts of a single Jew to analyze the effects and chronology of the war. Gross singled out that the wars experienced in the town were more detrimental to the relations of the Jewish and Polish individual s unlike others in the regions. In his analytical book, he only focused on those wars and did not discuss into details their etiology. In light of this, he provided a one-sided approach into the massacre. For example, he could have arguably detailed the reasons that led into the massacre and not only victimizing one side [3] Story of a secret state The plot analysis in the book is over riddled by the monotonous description of his encounters although it was a personal experience narration by Jan Karski. Moreover, personal narrations are overly dotted with fictitious parts. He hugely, just like Gross relied on his personal experiences eluding other important historical literature that could have helped to shape the story [4] Even though the story was aimed at propagating a historical ideology, it takes the avenue of literature story telling genres such as narratives. By including personal experiences heavily on the story he washes out the historical salt in the massacre. For example, he takes considerable space in the book to discuss his intricacies in the war as opposed to telling the reader about the happenings. In light of this, Karski only shapes the discussion from his experiences without involving any other secondary source to spice up his story. Historical Context The book has analytically given a green light on the events that shaped today’s German-Jews rivalry. Although it analyzed the Holocaust from a particular to a generalized standpoint, it arguably shaped the research platform on the rivalry between the Nazi-Germans and Jews. In light of this, the book articulates the birth rivalry due to the murderous acts committed against Jews. In this regard, the enmity tries to articulate as they happened in real times.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on A Nation for the Massacre of Jews in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historians argue that for an author to claim to write h istory, acknowledging the works of other writers in the same subject is not only important but also shapes the overall work. It gives the work a background to rely on. For example, it takes account of a sole soldier to tell the story without putting emphasis into secondary literature. Such actions water down the premises and subsequent conclusions that emanate from the historical-driven works. Usage of the same would have created a critical ingredient to achievement recognition in the story. However, Gross alluded to these vital precautions thus deeming his work rather a literature oriented story than a historical one[5]. Story of a secret state Similarly to Grosss work Karski left out a critical avenue for historical representations. He focused on narration as opposed to prose in telling out the story of the massacre. In light of this, he skipped numerous historical instances experienced in the course of his encounters in Poland to bring out a rather weak historical hypothesis. For example, he only uses his personal experience to tell the story. Although it brings the reader close to the events that happened in the Jedwabne massacre, it lacked historical taste. However, it would be unrealistic to abandon the reality that the book has arguably helped in shaping the historical background of the Holocaust. Historians articulate the books as the avenues that enabled the realization of the Holocaust. For instance, after the production of the books, the Holocaust events became realities to many leaders notably in the political and religious spheres. This is because the books were published after the Holocaust since Karski worked as an undercover agent. Conclusion In conclusion, the two books have provided a credible analysis. By using the personal accounts of individuals, the books have shed light on the intricacies of the Holocaust and also providing critical historical literature for future generations. By reading the books, an individual relates with the events like they happened yesterday due to the clear usage of the language. Moreover, the books have used good language to be understood by all individuals regardless of the academic disciplines. For example, the books can provide a critical grounding for not only history scholars but also religious and theological studies. Religious and theological scholars can effectively apply the knowledge gained from the book to analyze the religious distribution in the world. Crowell, Samuel. The debate about Neighbors. n.d. Web.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gross, J., T. Neighbors: the destruction of the Jewish community in Jedwabne, Poland, Boston: Penguin Books, 2002. Holocaust. Literature of the Holocaust. n.d. Web. Janet, J. Story of a secret state. 2009. Web. Telegraph. Story of a secret State. 2011. Web. Footnotes Janet, J. Story of a secret state. Telegraph. Story of a secret State. Holocaust. Literature of the Holocaust. Crowell, Samuel. The debate about Neighbors. Gross, J, T. Neighbors: the destruction of the Jewish community in Jedwabne, Poland, Boston: Penguin Books.

Getting Ready for the Geography Bee

Getting Ready for the Geography Bee The Geography Bee, more properly known as the National Geographic Bee, begins at the local level and winners work their way to the final competition in Washington D.C. The Geography Bee begins in schools with students from fourth through eighth grade across the United States in December and January. Each school Geography Bee champion takes a written test upon winning the Bee in their school. One hundred school winners from each state proceed to the State Level Finals in April, based on their scores on a written test scored by the National Geographic Society. The Geography Bee winner in each state and territory proceeds to the National Geographic Bee in Washington D.C. for a two-day competition in May. On the first day, the 55 state and territory (District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, the Pacific Territories, and the overseas U.S. Department of Defense schools) winners are narrowed to a field of ten finalists. The ten finalists compete on day two and the winner is announced and wins a college scholarship. Prepping Yourself for the Bee What follows are my tips and techniques to help you prepare for the National Geographic Bee (formerly called the National Geography Bee but since the National Geographic Society is the organizer, they decided to change the name). Start with a world map, globe, and atlas and become very familiar with the continents, countries, states and provinces, islands, and major physical features of our planet.Use Outline Maps of the world and continents to test yourself on this information. Knowing the relative location of countries, islands, major water bodies, and major physical features is very important for the Bee. Be sure to also have a good understanding of where the major lines of latitude and longitude lie.Take as many practice quizzes as possible. My site offers an archive of hundreds of multiple-choice Geography Quizzes that will definitely help. National Geographic offers a daily GeoBee Quiz online. There are additional online quizzes in my Test Your Knowledge collection of resources. Be sure to use an atlas to look up or understand the questions that youve missed.Prepare flash cards or use some other technique to memorize the capitals of the countries of the world and the capitals of the fifty United States. Memorize these Basic Earth Facts, the Highest, Lowest, and Deepest points around the world, and study other geographic superlatives. Read the newspaper, news magazines, and subscribe to my free Geography Newsletter and Geography 101 Email Course to learn about geography and to stay up-to-date with major news events happening around the world. Some Bee questions come from the geography of current events and these events are usually those that occur in the latter portion of the year before the Bee. Look up any unfamiliar place names you encounter in an atlas.Knowing principal languages, currencies, religions, and former country names is definitely a bonus. Its most important at state and national levels. This information is best obtained from the CIA World Factbook.Become familiar with the terms and concepts of Physical Geography. If you can review the glossary and key concepts of physical geography from a college-level physical geography textbook, do so!​ In the 1999 state finals, there was a difficult round devoted to exotic species but each questions answer was the choice between two places so having a good geographical knowledge would have been the easiest way to win the round. My book, The Geography Bee Complete Preparation Handbook: 1,001 Questions Answers to Help You Win Again and Again!, is a helpful resource for those preparing for the Bee at the school, state, or national levels. Good luck!

Summary on The Awakening by Kate Chopin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary on The Awakening by Kate Chopin - Essay Example The Awakening tells the saga of Edna Pontellier, a married woman and mother of two, who lives in the 18th century Victorian era. During that time, the world in itself was patriarchal and suppressed the species of women altogether, thus not providing women with the chance to neither express themselves, nor even think about their needs and wants. Edna faced similar situation in her life, as she had to conform to the society’s envisioned role for her, and take care of her family rather than acknowledging her needs and desires. However, throughout the book, Edna’s character undergoes significant change and she develops into something more than a mere puppet of the society. Edna’s awakening is depicted at various instances through the story, for example, when she tells Robert that she is â€Å"no longer one of Mr. Pontellier’s possessions† (113) and when she is at sea and she feels like a â€Å"new-born creature† (120). Though Edna stops conformin g to the general role of women cast by the society, and although she engages in a lot of rebellion, in the end she commits suicide, and it is left for the reader to think of this act as either representative of cowardice or her last rebellion. Through the awakening that Edna undergoes she tries to reverse the duality of life- â€Å"outward existence which conforms, the inward life which questions,† which she has known since her childhood (18). That is, she not only physically rebels against the conformations of the society, but also she brings to surface all the questions she has stifled throughout her life. Edna’s character transforms when she finds herself vacationing with her family in Grand Isle, where she meets different people, each of whom have something new to teach her. Thus, in the process she learns three new languages, namely, verbal, artistic and sexual languages. She learns about the verbal language, that is, expressing

Final Essay Exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Exam - Essay Example A clear path on which to formulate or base project costs is almost non- existent. For instance, each software project is distinct it might be mobile app for a specific institution like a University, bank, or government institution. The initial project cost might be underestimated due to the initial inadequacy of details. The cost quickly increases at the instance of an arising complication. For instance, in installing the hardware might be incompatible with the software. Alternatively, the scope might expand to unexpected dimensions. In addition, IT projects often entail the integration of new technologies. There are high risks associated with the use of new technologies in projects. The complex problems that arise during the project might lead to increased prices or closure of the project. New technology can swiftly derail the budget project to unexpectedly high volumes (Bittner and Gregorc 45). For instance, software is often developed independent of the operating system. Consequently, if the software developed is not compatible with the operating system then, it must be adjusted. This usually results in many and unexpected costs. Thus, more often than not, the cost management of an IT project is not accurately done by the IT professionals. Furthermore, IT professionals lack a business background. Therefore, they do not understand the significance of basic finance and accounting principles. They do not understand concepts such as value analysis, sunk costs, profits, learning curve theory, and return on investm ent or pay back analysis (Bittner and Gregorc 45). The inability to grasp these concepts often leads to cost overruns or abandonment of the project. Earned value management is an analysis technique applied in monitoring a projects status and progress. It is a highly valuable tool in forecasting the probable future performance of the project. Earned value management utilizes cost, schedule, and scope in the analysis

Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986) Case Study

Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986) - Case Study Example In this case, the peremptory challenge that was laid before the court in order to remove all Black representatives in the jury and this was done so without a valid cause. Although the defense tried to object to the jury set up prior to the jury being sworn in, the judge in the case over-ruled their motion stating that the peremptory challenge could be used against anybody that the court felt it should be used against (Batson v. Kentucky). After the decision of the court came out, the defense went to the supreme court to raise their objection once again to the fact that Mr. Batson was tried by a jury composed solely of Whites and therefore, was not truly represented by a jury of his peers as the law promised all of the accused in a jury trial. Supreme Court Justice Powell held the decision that the 14th Amendment was violated in this instance and that in no case can the prosecution ever use a peremptory challenge without stating a valid reason for doing so. The state must always support its claim to have a juror removed with a valid cause. However, a dissenting opinion was voiced by Supreme Court Justice Berger, who believed that although the burden of proof lay within the responsibility of the state, the Equal Protection clause was not violated in this case. Justice Marshall further bolstered the claim of Justice Berger by indicating that the peremptory challenge cannot be used to distort the jury process by exclusion on racial grounds (Batson v. Kentucky). Having now come to an understanding that a peremptory challenge cannot be instigated simply on a whim by either the prosecution or defense, it is important to understand that such a challenge is not the same as a â€Å"challenge for cause†. To make things clearer, let us first differentiate the meaning of the two legal terms. â€Å"... the right of the plaintiff and the defendant in a jury trial to have a juror dismissed before trial without

Your views stand out among others i have read and here is why Personal Statement

Your views stand out among others i have read and here is why - Personal Statement Example However, it is an undeniable fact that American society observed new horizons of life and learned new lessons. People were afraid of the loss of work and the hardships that would accompany with the economic calamity. Depression was not only an economic devastation, but it changed the social perspective entirely. For instance, women find it easier to get low-wage jobs that opens new opportunities for them although it was a clear deviation from ideal gender roles in a family at that time. Farmers could not bear the heavy burdens of banks loans and saw the commodity prices fall sharply. The event forced mass agricultural based population to move in urban settlements to find a job. By the introduction of CCC, NWA, and WPA, people start thinking that their government is actually working for them. The government had more control and an increased influence on people’s life and that lingers on till today. Just when the American economy was reshaping itself and recuperating from the de pression, United States was forced to enter into the WWII. Ironically, the war helped the economic activity and reduced employment that had surged to more than 11 percent. However, economists believe that the real prosperity started not before the war ended. What bothers me most is the concept that freedom comes through government. Ideally, government should protect its citizens from internal or external violent and destructive elements. Should government be allowed to start a war?

Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Responses - Essay Example This situation appears to have persisted for at least three years and the principal responded by encouraging the School Board’s dismissal of the teacher. An appeal to the State Secretary by the teacher was unsuccessful. According to Virginia Code SS 23-38 118, Miscellaneous Personnel Matters, the teacher’s tenure, promotions appointments are entirely up to the school. (Virginia Code ss 23-38, 118) In other words, the institution in which the educator is employed can determined for itself if the teacher is up â€Å"merit and fitness†. (Virginia Code ss 23-38, 118) Moreover, the teacher does not have a constitutionally protected right to employment as a teacher in the elementary school from which he was dismissed. In order to successfully appeal the decision or to take it to court the teacher is required under the Virginia State Code, to prove that the decision to dismiss him originated from an error, or that the discretion exercised by the principal and the authoritative bodies that supported the principal’s decision was an abuse of discretion, or that a civil right was contravened. Assuming that the only complained of was the right to teach, the elementary school teacher will fail on that ground since there is no constitutionally protected right to teach in a particular school. As for the finding of error, the teacher will have a difficult time substantiating this claim since the principal and assistant principal both observed the teacher ignoring the school’s curriculum. Moreover, the teacher was accused of making inappropriate comments to his pupils and when confronted he did not deny making them. It was therefore incumbent upon the principle to take some action, particularly if the comments continued. It is also highly unlikely that the teacher will be able to substantiate a claim that the principle of the school authorities abused their

Nursing Staff Attitudes towards the Elderly Essay

Nursing Staff Attitudes towards the Elderly - Essay Example When older patients are perceived as being cantankerous and complaining by nurses, the consequence would most likely that the quality of care delivered and the recovery of patients is affected (Courtney, 2000).   Aging of the Australian population has occurred rapidly in recent years. The greatest increases in number have been indicated among the very old or those aged 80 years or over. The aged population from 65 and older has been predicted to reach 22% or 5 million by the year 2051, doubling that of 1991 or 11% at 1.9 million according to Clare (1994).   Likewise, it was said that gerontological nursing is still an unpopular specialty and nursing student's interest in pursuing it as a career decrease during their education (Slevin, 1991). The health-care system has been heavily influenced by social developments and ageist stereotypes, combined with increases in the aged population (Palmer, 1994). In as much as older people are perceived by policy makers and society in general as problems requiring considerable attention and resources (Palmer, 1994), it had also been indicated that increases in the Australian health-care costs have been attributed to the increases in the aged population. Nevertheless, Palmer (1994) found that these increases are more closely linked to social and political changes than a physiologically aging population. Accordingly, changes in the health-care system were influenced by the major political parties' social and economic policies, the need to contain hospital operating costs and the promotion of commun ity care for the chronically ill, disabled and frail aged (Courtney, 1997). But it has to be noted that many family members are no longer able to care for their older relatives due to social factors such as increases in divorce and participation of women in the workforce. This has dramatically decreased the availability of informal community support systems for future generations of older people upon which the government has relied heavily since the 1985 de-institutionalization of aged care to a hostel and home-based care (Gibson, 1998).   Nurse Attitude   Several studies have identified factors, such as an area of practice, age, gender and years in clinical practice, as affecting nurses' attitude strength (Lookinland, 1991). Soderhamn and colleagues found younger and male nurses possessing more negative attitudes in comparison with older and female nurses. Soderhamn's (2001) research also demonstrates that higher education, gerontology courses and more years of clinical experience were found to be associated with less negative attitudes. Another influence is the area of clinical practice influencing attitude strength (Soderhamn, 2001). Cited as the example was that nurses working in acute settings were found to use more negative stereotypical labeling to describe their older patients to student nurses than those working in elder-care settings (McLafferty, 2004).

Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Responses - Essay Example This situation appears to have persisted for at least three years and the principal responded by encouraging the School Board’s dismissal of the teacher. An appeal to the State Secretary by the teacher was unsuccessful. According to Virginia Code SS 23-38 118, Miscellaneous Personnel Matters, the teacher’s tenure, promotions appointments are entirely up to the school. (Virginia Code ss 23-38, 118) In other words, the institution in which the educator is employed can determined for itself if the teacher is up â€Å"merit and fitness†. (Virginia Code ss 23-38, 118) Moreover, the teacher does not have a constitutionally protected right to employment as a teacher in the elementary school from which he was dismissed. In order to successfully appeal the decision or to take it to court the teacher is required under the Virginia State Code, to prove that the decision to dismiss him originated from an error, or that the discretion exercised by the principal and the authoritative bodies that supported the principal’s decision was an abuse of discretion, or that a civil right was contravened. Assuming that the only complained of was the right to teach, the elementary school teacher will fail on that ground since there is no constitutionally protected right to teach in a particular school. As for the finding of error, the teacher will have a difficult time substantiating this claim since the principal and assistant principal both observed the teacher ignoring the school’s curriculum. Moreover, the teacher was accused of making inappropriate comments to his pupils and when confronted he did not deny making them. It was therefore incumbent upon the principle to take some action, particularly if the comments continued. It is also highly unlikely that the teacher will be able to substantiate a claim that the principle of the school authorities abused their

Women of Opposites Essay Example for Free

Women of Opposites Essay Two famous people that are alike but also very different would be Britney Jean Spears and Norma Jeane Mortenson also known as Marilyn Monroe. I chose Marilyn Monroe because she is a true inspiration to me and other young girls today; though she got a bad name for herself she explained life in a way that one could understand through her famous quotes. Britney Spears is also an inspiration on young girls because of being a pop fanatic, an actress, and also a sex symbol. These are two people that I loved when I was younger and inspired me to act, sing, and dance. Norma Jeane Mortenson started using the stage name of Marilyn Monroe in 1946. This name did not become legally her name until 1956. Marilyn Monroe was a beautiful woman who became an American actress, a singer, a model, and later on in her years known as a sex symbol. She was a wonderful person that was taken out of context and shaped into a person that she didn’t necessarily want to be. Although Marilyn became a huge success in the eyes of society and of her peers, she truly aspired to be known more for her acting and singing talents, rather than the sexy blonde in the white dress. Britney Spears was always very proactive when it came to anything dealing with music as a child. She started her career at a young age by the time she was eight years old she was taking her first steps towards stardom in auditioning to play a role on the television show â€Å"The All New Mickey Mouse Club† though she did not get the part she kept trying. By the time she was eleven years old her love for music and dance became real. This is when she auditioned again and received the role on â€Å"The All New Mickey Mouse Club† as the Mouseketeer the show was then canceled two years later after she received the role. She did not yet give up and was signed to a record label in late 90’s. Although there is a big contrast between Marilyn Monroe and the notorious Britney Spears most people from the start of Britney’s career have compared her to Monroe which creates a bigger contrast between the two. Britney Spears became a well-known celebrity a few generations after the Marilyn Monroe era but others still drastically compared her to Marilyn Monroe for being a hot blonde sex symbol. Marilyn and Britney are different in many ways besides the obvious facts that Marilyn became before Britney, the fact that they grew up in very different home environments and dealt with many personal conflicts and issues while growing up, also the way they became famous and well-known to the world are very different from each other. One huge example of the difference between these two celebrities was that In the 50s movie star’s careers were controlled by the film studios. Marilyn did not have much of a choice in the roles she played so she was always cast as the dumb blonde. The media loved her but like today they were very intrusive. Photographers hounded her but the publicity helped create her image that is why even today shes an icon. As for Britney she has had a choice in all aspects of her career and she makes the decisions to do what she wants to do and how she wants to do it. Although there is a similarity that they both share with the fact that they were both criticized and hounded by the media and the rumors that were created by it. There is still a small contrast in that similarity because Britney was able to survive all the rumors and speculations that she was surrounded by as from Marilyn who let the intrusion of the media and others take a toll on her life dramatically. Even though Britney spears and Marilyn Monroe have negatively impacted our generation they still have somewhat positive impacts on young women lives. Marilyn Monroe though she was a sex symbol she was still a very successful woman in her lifetime. She made her history though it may not have been the way she wanted to be known, but she is still remembered to this day. As far as Britney Spears she is known for her pop music for the most part, you do not hear about when she was an actor. Britney Spears and Marilyn Monroe still inspired me to become the young women I have become today.

Processes and Applications of Fermentation

Processes and Applications of Fermentation Hort-312 (1+1) Topic: Fermented Food Dr. Ananta Saikia Sir, Murchana Malakar Introduction Fermentation is the process of producing a fermented product by the mass culture of micro organisms involved in it [14]. It is derived from the Latin word fevere meaning â€Å"to boil†. Biochemically, fermentation is a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol. It is the oldest most which is the most economical method of preserving food [2]. The local people have been using the microbes without knowing their effects to produce the fermented products [10]. For household purpose, fermentation is followed with simple processing methods. Due to the lack of sterility, the end products often contain mixed microbial population [8]. Fermentation promotes digestibility and improve the health of human beings [6]. It promotes the shelf-life reducing volume, less cooking time and higher nutritive value. It helps in the detoxification of undesirable compounds such as phytates, polyphenols and tannins[11]. It also enhances the aroma and flavour of the fermented food. For industrial purpose, it is carried out on a large scale for manufacturing of the product. But in the second phase Microbiology evolved as a science for the first time in the history of fermentation [3]. Processes involved in fermentation:[7,13] Acetic Acid Fermentation: Acetobacter spp. is the main microorganism involved in this process. It aerobically converts the alcohol to acetic acid. Examples: Wine, Cider and melt honey. Lactic Acid Fermentation: It is carried out by lactic acid bacteria. Examples: Pickles, sauerkraut, kimchi Alcoholic fermentation: Yeast is the main micro organism involved in this process which yields ethanol. Example: Brandy, Beer, Whiskey Alkali fermentation: It occurs in case of fish and seeds which are used as condiment.Example: Fish sauce, bagoong. Types of fermented food: Cereal based fermented food: Cereal grains are considered to be on one of the most important source of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin and mineral. It improves the texture, aroma of the end product. Most common type of cereals (such as wheat, rice, sorghum or corn) is used for the preparation of fermented foods. The bacteria species involved includes Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, and Micrococcus. Fungi genera include Fusarium, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichothecium. The yeasts include Saccharomyces[10] (Steinkraus, 1998). Table 1: Commonly used cereal based fermented food and beverages [1,4,5,9, 12]. Anarshe Rice India Ang-kak Rice South East Asia Bagni Millet Caucasus Banku Maize Ghana Bogobe Sorghum Botswana Brem Rice Indonesia Busa Rice Egypt Chee-fan Wheat China Chicha Maize Peru Chonju Rice Korea Dalaki Millet Nigeria Dhokla Rice/Wheat India Dosa Rice India Darassum Millet Mongolia Hamanatto Wheat Japan Idli Rice India/Srilanka Injera Wheat/Sorghum Ethiopia Jalebies Wheat flour India/ Nepal/ Pakistan Kanji Rice India Kaffir beer Kaffir corn South Africa Kisra Sorghum Sudan Lao-chao Rice China/ Indonesia Me Rice Vietnam Miso Rice and soybeans Japan/ China Nan Unbleached wheat flour India/ Pakistan Nasha Sorghum Sudan Ogi Maize/Sorghum Nigeria Puto Rice Philippines Pozol Maize Mexico Rabdi Maize India Sorghum Beer Sorghum/Maize South Africa Sake Rice Japan Takju Rice/Wheat Korea Torani Rice India Tape ketan Rice/ Cassava Indonesia Uji Maize/Sorghum Kenya Vada Ceral India Legume Based Fermented Foods: Pulses are the chief sources of proteins. The micro organisms involved in it are: Mucor sp., Aspergillus spp., Lactobacillus sp. , Saccharomyces sp. Table 2: Fermented foods of legumes [6]. Aagya Soybean India Chee-fan Soybean China Dawadawa African locust bean Nigeria Kecap Soybean Indonesia Khaman Bengal gram India Meju Soybean Korea Natto Soybean Japan Soybean Milk Soybean China Tempeh Soybean Indonesia Waries Black gram India Fermented Milk Products: The fermented milk products have higher nutritive value, better keeping quality and it has a strong therapeutic potential. Micro organisms involved are: Lactobacillus sp, Saccharomyces sp, Acetobacter aceti, Yeast. Table 3: List of Fermented milk products [6] Buttermilk Bovine USA/ Australia Chhurpi Yak India Curd Bovine, Buffalo India Cultured cream Bovine USA Koumiss Horse, Mare, Camel Russia, Asia Kefir Bovine, Goat Russia Laktofil Bovine Sweden Lassi Bovine India Leben Ewe, Goat, Sheep Labenon, Iraq Quark Bovine Germany, Europe Viili Bovine Finland Yoghurt Bovine/ Goat Turkey Fermented Fish Meat Products: Meat and fish are the rich source of proteins. Fermentation helps in increasing the shelf life and also gives unique flavour and texture to the final product. It involves the micro organisms such as Actinomycetes, Pseudomonas, Yeast, Penicillium, Lactobacillus, and Micrococcus. Table 4: List of Meat and fish products [6] Bacon Cured Meat Europe Bagoong Fish Philippines Fish sauce Fish South East Asia Ham Meat Europe Katsuobushi Fish Japan Fermented Fruits Vegetables: Fermentation is the oldest method of extending the shelf life of perishable products. Table 5: List of fermented fruits and vegetables [6] Gundruk Radish India Kimchi Radish Korea Olive Olive Spain Pickle Vegetable India Yan-taozih Peach China Sauerkraut Cabbage Internatinal Soidon Bamboo shoot India Yan-tsai-shin Broccoli Taiwan Benefits of Fermented Foods: Variation in the types of fermented products Important ingredients can be prepared from it Quality is increased to a great extent. Preservation increases the shelf life. It helps in the recovery of a disease free life. Raw materials can be digested to a great extent. Conclusion: Fermented products which are associated with several cultural and social aspects contain a wide range of probiotics. The tactics which are practised by the ethnic groups reveal the correlation of nature with the people including the micro flora. Value added methods are practised by genetic improvement, strains of micro organisms, using of immobilised systems which will lead to industrialization of the food products. Hence, the fermented products can be maximised and commercializing the technological development in terms of financial support by the governing agencies. References: [1] ] Adams, M. R. (1998). Fermented weaning foods. In J. B. Wood (Ed.),  Microbiology of fermented foods (pp. 790–811). London: Blackie  Academic. [2] Billings, T. (1998). On fermented foods. Available: http://www.living-foods.com. [3] Caplice, E., Fitzgerald, G. F. (1999). Food fermentations: role of  microorganisms in food production and preservation. International  Journal of Food Microbiology, 50, 131–149. [4] Chavan, J. K., Kadam, S. S. (1989). Critical reviews in food science  and nutrition. Food Science, 28, 348–400. [5] Harlander, S. (1992). Food biotechnology. In J. Lederberg (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of microbiology (pp. 191–207). New York: Academic Press [6] Jeyaram, K., Singh A., Romi, W., Devi, A.R., Singh, W.M., Dayanithi, H., Singh, N.R. and Tamang, J.P. 2009. Traditional fermented foods of Manipur. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8(1): 115-121. [7] Modi, H.A.(2012). Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur, pp-1-203. [8] Nout, M.J.R. and Sarkar, P.K. 1999. Lactic acid food fermentation in tropical climates. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76: 395-401. [9] Sankaran, R. (1998). Fermented food of the Indian subcontinent. In  J. B. Wood (Ed.), Microbiology of fermented foods (pp. 753–789).  London: Blackie Academic and Professional. [10] Sekar, S. and Mariappan, S. 2007. Usage of traditional fermented products by Indian rural folks and IPR. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6 (1): 111120. [11] Sharma, A. and Kapoor, A.C. 1996. Level of antinutritional factors in pearl millet as affected by processing treatments and various types of fermentation. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 49: 241-252. [12] Soni, S. K., Sandhu, D. K. (1990). Indian fermented foods: microbiological  and biochemical aspects. Indian Journal of Microbiology,  30, 135–157. [13] Srivastava, R.P. Kumar, S(2002). Fruit and Vegetable Preservation.CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pp-81-82. [14] Stanbury, P.F. 1999. Fermentation Technology. In Stanbury, P. F., A. Whitaker, and S. J. Hal (Eds), Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd Edition, p 1-24. UK: Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. [15] Steinkraus, K. H. (1998). Bio-enrichment: production of vitamins in  fermented foods. In J. B. Wood (Ed.), Microbiology of fermented  foods (pp. 603–619). London: Blackie Academic and Professional.

Imperialism Essay -- essays research papers

Imperialism is often excused as a way of liberating people from tyrannical rule or by introducing the policies of a â€Å"better† way of life. It is based on the ground of a variety of causes running the gamut of economic pressures, greed, security, power, prestige, religion, and many other effective measures that can be taken given the circumstances. Arguments about the roots and virtue of imperialism can be put into four basic groups. The first is whether or not imperialism is economically beneficial. The second relates to the social aspect of imperialism and the natural desire to rule others. The third is protection and security, building up military powers around the world in order to help the main country when trouble erupts. Finally, the last is morals and their religious aspects. Because imperialism has its basis on power, it is often considered morally reprehensible. The thirst for power drove the European nations into a frenzy to control the continent based solely on the false belief that they were superior, thereby inflicting numerous evils upon both the African land and its people. Imperialism did benefit a small and favored group, but never the entire nation. For some people, capitalism and imperialism are the same and interpret imperialism as a late stage of capitalism when nations are forced to depend on monopolies in overproduction and surplus capital so that they can compete with other nations. At enormous expense imperialism has created an unsafe increase of markets, and has jeopardized the entire affluence of a nation in stimulating the strong resentment of other nations. During the nineteenth century, Great Britain had a huge empire, extending to many different regions of the globe. Before 1869, it only controlled a small amount of land in Africa. During the times before 1869, the British concentrated on imperialism in other, more profitable places around the world; places that would give them more markets for trade and more opportunity to increase their economy. Suddenly, the British were taking over land in places such as regions in Africa. The main reason for Britain’s interest in Africa was for the survival of their empire. Britain's economy has always depended heavily on trade, and creating more colonies was the way to expand their trade. Before the 1870s, Britain had little competition with various colonies. Their first act was against F... ...in reason for British imperialism in Africa was to bring Christianity, not to mention the European's idea of "civilization" to African countries. This decade witnessed the high spirit of self-confident, often self-congratulatory and always aggressive imperialism in which Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States conquered and annexed in the name of civilization. If anything, Europe was doing the exact opposite of spreading Christianity, all under false pretences. Imperialism was not economically beneficial, did not protect the â€Å"main† country by creating barriers, nor did it spread Christianity in mentionable portions. Nonetheless, imperialism did present upon a small portion of the elite a sense of power, though falsely earned. The animosities of imperialism did not help the people. Instead, it left them unprotected after the European nations had left, and left a hole in their culture. Word Count: 1,341 Sources: http://students.chs.lane.edu/~nbudu58/courses/intro2web/the%20dark%20continent/ http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/toc.html http://www.indiana.edu/%7Ejah/teaching/2002_03/article.shtml http://www.boondocksnet.com/editions/morel/index.html

The Bean Trees Essay -- Character Analysis, Taylor

The Bean Trees is a novel which shows Taylor’s maturation; it is a bildungsroman story. Taylor is a developing or dynamic character. Her moral qualities and outlook undergo a permanent change. When the novel begins, Taylor is an independent-minded young woman embarking on an adventure to a new world. She has no cares or worries. She is confident in her abilities, and is determined to make it through life on her own. As she discovers new things and meets new people, Taylor is exposed to the realities of the world. She learns about the plight of abandoned children and of illegal immigrants. She learns how to give help and how to depend upon the help of others. As she interacts with others, those people are likewise affected by Taylor. The other developing characters are Lou Ann Ruiz, Turtle, and Esperanza. Together they learn the importance of interdependence and find their confidence. At the beginning of the novel, Taylor is intensely independent. She stands apart from the other high school girls at Pittman County. She is the only girl not wearing â€Å"beige or pink Bobbie Brooks matching sweater-and-skirt outfits† (5). She is determined to avoid teenage pregnancy, which is so common in her high school. She is the only girl brave enough to ask the science teacher for a job. Taylor believes that she can survive on her own. She finds herself a rickety car. It is a ’55 Volkswagen bug â€Å"with no windows to speak of, and no seat and no starter† (11-12). She learns how to push start it all by herself. Her mother helps her to be independent and to conquer her fears. Mrs. Greer lets the air out of one of the tires and also the spare, forcing Taylor to pump the tire herself despite her fear of exploding tires. Taylor learns that â€Å"nobody was goi... ...ope. Taylor, Turtle, Lou Ann, and Esperanza all develop because of their relationship with and to others. An iron is sharpened when it rubs against another piece of iron. Similarly, it is through contact and relationships that character is developed. The characters discover that they need each other to survive, just like the symbiotic relationship between the wisteria and the rhizobia. Taylor learns to depend upon the help of her friends. Turtle overcomes her emotional shock through Taylor’s love and care. Lou Ann finds her self-confidence through Taylor’s encouragement. Esperanza finds hope through her love for Turtle. All the characters learn how to be like the people in heaven. They are â€Å"well-fed† because they help and serve each other. The interaction among the characters provides nourishment and life. They develop into better people through this interaction.

Human Resourse Essay

Introduction 1. The Definition and Discrimination of HRM and PM 1.1 The Definition of Human Resource Management  Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization achieved  the best from their highly motivated people and it is new management techniques to  ensure the effective use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals.   Human Resource Management is the process of recruitment, selection of employee,  providing proper orientation and induction, providing proper training and the  developing skills, assessment of employee (performance of appraisal), providing  proper compensation and benefits, motivating, maintaining proper relations with  labour and with trade unions, maintaining employees safety, welfare and health by  complying with labour laws of concern state or country.   (http://www.whatishumanresource.com/human-resource-management) 1.2 The Definition of Personal Management  Personal Management (PM) is includes the functions that Human Resources staff  perform relative to the organization’s employees and include recruiting, hiring,  compensation and benefits, new employee orientation, training, and performance  appraisal systems. The management of the people in working organizations. It is also frequently called  personnel management, industrial relations, employee relations, manpower  management, and personnel administration. It represents a major subcategory of  general management, focusing exclusively on the management of human resources, as  distinguished from financial or material resources. The term may be used to refer to  selected specific functions or activities assigned to specialized personnel officers or  departments. It is also used to identify the entire scope of management policies and  programs in the recruitment, allocation, leadership, and direction of employees. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/personnel+management) 1.3 The difference between Personal Management and Human Resource  Management. Human Resource Management Driven by employer needs for   competitive advantage in the marketplace. Operates within competitive markets and  a change agenda Is a distinctive approach to managing  people, with a strong strategic purpose Adopts a unitary frame of reference to  organisation and people management Manages employees individually rather  than collectively Personnel Management Driven by employer needs to treat people fairly in organisation. Operates in relatively stable market  conditions Is a traditional approach to managing  people, with a strong administrative  purpose Is long term, with a strategic time  perspective  Is short time, with an ad hoc perspective Adopts a pluralist frame of reference to  organisation and people management Negotiates with trade unions where they  are recognized 2. The four major stages of the evolution of Personal and Human  Resource Management. 2.1 Social Justice 2.1.1 Explain the Social Justice The origin of personnel management lies in the 19th Century, deriving from the work  of social reformers such as Lord Shaftesbury and Robert Owen. Their criticism of the  free enterprise system and the hardship created by the exploitation of workers by  factory owners led to the appointment of the first personnel managers. In the late 19th  and early 20th centuries, some large employers began to appoint welfare officers to  manage new initiatives designed to make life less harsh for their employees. The  results were higher productivity, improved retention of the workforce and a bigger  pool of applicants for each job.  2.1.2 Robert Owen (14 May 1771-17 November 1858)  The Industrial Revolution provided the impetus for developing various management  theories and principles. Preclassical theorists like Robert Owen made some initial  contributions that eventually led to the identification of management as an important  field of inquiry. This led to the emergence of approaches to management: classical,  behavioral, quantitative and modern. The classical management approach had three  major branches: scientific management, administrative theory and bureaucratic  management. Scientific management emphasized the scientific study of work methods  to improve worker efficiency. Bureaucratic management dealt with the characteristics  of an ideal organization, which operates on a rational basis. Administrative theory  explored principles that could be used by managers to coordinate the internal  activities of organizations. The behavioral approach emerged primarily as an outcome  of the Hawthorne studies. Mary Parker Follet, Elton Mayo and his associates,  Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor and Chris Argyris were the major contributors  to this school.   (http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Introduction%20to%20Management/Evolution  %20of%20Management%20Chap2.htm) 2.1.3 Cadbury Cadbury Schweppes employs more than 50,000 people and has manufacturing  operations in more than 35 countries. It is the world’s third largest soft drinks  company and holds either the top or second position in the market share of 24 of the  world’s top 50 confectionery markets. This illustrates that the large Quaker company  has its value in the market where it is important for HR to manage their employee’s  performances, working culture and management in an efficient and positive way.  Resource based model, the SHRM role becomes one of the creating systems and  procedures that focus not on external relationships but on how staff and their abilities  are used. The resource-based model recognizes that many aspects of capability can be  formally defined in skill terms and allows the integration of the intangible aspects of  work alongside other more visible areas such as patents, trademarks and other  intellectual. The core competencies inclu de many things such as aspects change of the  management, capability of staff, strategic development capability and speed of  response. (http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business-strategy/cadbury-strategy.php#ixzz2xjamqFC) 2.2 Human Bureaucracy 2.2.1 Explain the Human Bureaucracy Marked the beginning of a move away from a sole focus on welfare  towards meeting various other organisational objectives. The  fostering of social relationships in the workplace and employee  morale thus became equally important objectives for personnel  managers seeking to raise productivity levels. 2.2.2 Henri fayol (1841-1925) Fayol’s â€Å"14 Principles† was one of the earliest theories of management to be created,  and remains one of the most comprehensive. He’s considered to be among the most  influential contributors to the modern concept of management, even though people  don’t refer to â€Å"The 14 Principles† often today. In 1916, two years before he stepped  down as director, he published his â€Å"14 Principles of Management† in the book  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Administration Industrielle et Generale.† Henri Fayol’s â€Å"14 Principles of  Management† have been a significant influence on modern management theory. His  practical list of principles helped early 20th century managers learn how to organize  and interact with their employees in a productive way. Although the 14 Principles  aren’t widely used today, they can still offer guidance for today’s managers. Many of  the principles are now considered to be common se nse, but at the time they were  revolutionary concepts for organizational management. ï ¼Ë†http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/henri-fayol.htmï ¼â€° 2.3 Consent by Negotiation 2.3.1 Explain the Consent by Negotiation The elements of hard bargaining or win-lose bargaining were illuminate how to set  aggressive target, start high, concede slowly and employ threats, bluffs, and  commitments to positions without triggering an impasse from 1950s to 1960s. 2.3.2 Collective Bargaining Process The process of negotiating the terms of employment between an employer and a  group of workers. The terms of employment are likely to include items such as  conditions of employment, working conditions and other workplace rules, base pay,  overtime pay, work hours, shift length, work holidays, sick leave, vacation time,  retirement benefits and health care benefits. In the United States, collective bargaining  takes place between labor union leaders and the management of the company that  employs that union’s workers. The result of collective bargaining is called a collective  bargaining agreement, and it establishes rules of employment for a set number of  years. The cost of this employee representation is paid by union members in the form  of dues. The collective bargaining process may involve antagonistic labor strikes or  employee lockouts if the two sides are having trouble reaching an agreement. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/collective-bargaining.asp) 2.4 Organisation and Integration 2.4.1 Explain the Organisation and Integration At the late 19th and early 20th century, there are some social problems in British, which  is social injustice and Rich-poor gap. So British make some legislation on the basis of  economic situation, political democracy, the international environment and social  thoughts. 2.4.2 Race Relations Act 1976 The Race Relations Act 1976 applies to discrimination on the grounds of colour, race,  nationality and ethnic and national origins. It applies in Great Britain but not in  Northern Ireland. Religious discrimination is not explicitly covered in Britain but  separate legislation covers this in Northern Ireland. â€Å"Ethnic origin†, however, has  been interpreted broadly to cover groups with a common or presumed common  identity such as Jews or Sikhs. There are important exceptions to the legislation  which, for example, allow discrimination on grounds of nationality to preserve  immigration controls. Both direct and indirect discrimination are covered by the  legislation which applies to all stages of employment: arrangements made for  deciding who is offered a job; the terms on which the job is offered; opportunities for  promotion, training and transfer; the benefits and services granted to employees; and  in job termination or other unfavourable treatme nt of employees. The Act provides for  a few, specific exemptions where it may be a genuine occupational qualification  (GOQ) to be a member of a particular race, ethnic group, etc. (http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/UNITED%20KINGDOM/RACERELATIONSACT1976RRA-EN.htm) 2.4.3 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 aims to end the discrimination that  faces many people with disabilities. This Act has been significantly extended,  including by the Disability Discrimination (NI) Order 2006 (DDO). It now gives  people with disabilities rights in the areas of: employment, education access to goods,  facilities and services, including larger private clubs and transport service buying or  renting land or property, including making it easier for people with disabilities to rent  property and for tenants to make disability-related adaptations functions of public  bodies, for example issuing of licenses. (http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/the-disability-discrimination-act-dda) 3. References http://www.whatishumanresource.com/human-resource-management http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/personnel+management http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Introduction%20to%20Management/Evolution%20of%20Management%20Chap2.htm http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/henri-fayol.htm http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/the-disability-discrimination-act-dda http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/UNITED%20KINGDOM/RACERELATIONSACT1976RRA-EN.htm  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/collective-bargaining.asp http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business-strategy/cadbury-strategy.php#ixzz2xjamqFC http://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/management/cadburys-approach-to-managing-its-human-resources-management-essay.php http://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/study-on-strategic-human-resource-management-at-cadburys-management-essay.php http://www.studymode.com/essays/Henri-Fayol-Five-Functions-Of-222700.html

Political Science – The Cold War

The Cold War was a period of entrenched, ideological opposition, between the East Bloc-?the Soviet Union ND its allies-?and the West Bloc-?the united States and its allies-?in which both sides did everything to undermine one another, short of outright military conflict. As the age of empire came to its precipice in 1945 CE, the Cold War ensued and lasted for decades, to about 1989 CE.The Second World War heralded a new international system that was not based on empire; it was based on the diametrically opposed binaries of the East Bloc and West Bloc, which defined the international system for decades thenceforth. The stakes On 08 August 1 945, the United States released atomic bombs in Hiroshima ND Nagasaki, Japan. For those individuals that grew up during the Cold War, the threat of nuclear war was constant. Cold war chronology: the dates Yalta conference: 04-?11 February, 1 945 Decided on the post-war division of Europe; the Cold War was not meant to occur.The great powers agreed o n the unconditional surrender of Germany; the division of Germany into four zones of occupation; free and fair elections in Poland, the Baltic states, and eastern Europe; the war criminals would be punished; and Europe would be divided into two spheres of influence thence. Potsdam conference: 17 July-?02 august 1945 Participants were the Soviet union, the united States, and the United Kingdom and they agreed to work together. Germany would be demutualization, democratic, demoralized, decentralized, and identified. Agreement on persecution Of the war criminals.Germany's eastern border would be shifted west from the Odder-Noise Line, reducing its size by about 25 percent compared to its 1 937 territory. â€Å"Orderly and humane† transfer of Germans from eastern Europe and Poland; Germans would be expelled from this area. Winston Churchill iron curtain speech: march 1946 The phrase â€Å"iron curtain† was coined by Churchill to describe the division of astern Europe from the west imposed by the Soviet Union. The key message was that an â€Å"iron curtain† descended upon Europe, and that the great cities of Berlin, Budapest, and Prague, among others, were within the Soviet Union sphere of influence.A spirit of collaboration and cooperation quickly dissolved between the Yalta and Potsdam conferences and Churchill speech. From here, the situation declined. German currency reform: 20 June 1948 Introduced the German Deutsche Mark in the Western occupation zones. The currency reform was the acceptance that there would not be one German economic zone governed by four powers; East and West Germany would have their Own currencies and the continent would be divided into two economic blocs. The German economy, suffering from a depression, was transformed.HOW did we get from 1945 to 1948 CE? Orthodox interpretation Revisionist interpretation George Seaman's thesis. Soviet Union has ingrained tendency for expansion and had to be checked; this tendency was rooted in the Soviet Union's history. Soviet Union had to treat outer world as hostile, as that hostility was key to its existence. Cold War resulted from American reaction to Soviet expansion. The fault of the Soviet Union. William Appleton Williams' thesis. The idea was to invert politics and economics.American policy was driven by a constant need for markets, explaining the constant expansion across the west in the United States, policy in Latin America, and hostility to the Soviet Union. An economic need determined American economic policy. The fault of the Americans. Political history of the cold war Stalin and Churchill: October 1944 Stalin and Churchill meet without Roosevelt and devise a â€Å"percentages agreement. † Europe would be divided into spheres of influence. Each power loud be given a certain percentage Of power over a jurisdiction.America protested against this plan. Stalin violated promises made to Churchill on the percentages. When Stalin went to the Yal ta Conference, he had already violated the percentages agreement. Stalin agreed to democratic elections without any intention of adhering to his pledge. Stalin asserted that the Soviet Union would determine policy in any area in which the Red Army occupied. Iran and turkey After the Second World War, the Soviet Union made moves on Iran and Turkey, giving the Soviet Union sovereignty and monopoly over Turkish traits.The Soviet Union demanded territory from Turkey and pushed troops into northern Iran, and only relinquished its control when the United States took the issue to the United Nations Security Council. Under diplomatic pressure, the Soviet union withdrew from these regions. It was in this politics that George Keenan wrote his â€Å"X† article. Eastern Europe: 1945-1948 CE The Soviet Union went on to install regimes through eastern Europe, including Poland, where a communist government was imposed by force; the Baltic states; Hungary; and in Czechoslovakia, there was br iefly a enigmatically elected government, which was overturned by the Soviet Union.In this politics, Germany became a line in the sand. German women were sexually assaulted across the Soviet occupied zone. The East German regime lost legitimacy; in response, the Western Allies created West Germany-?the front line of the Cold War. Western policy toward Germany was highlighted by denationalization and decentralization. In its most extreme, the plan was to restore Germany to agricultural lands-?making the Germans affluent but powerless. Germany reintegrated into the western canon as an ally. 06 September 1 946: secretary of state James f. Erne Noted in speech that the Americans wanted to assist the Germans work their way out of hardships, to rejoin the international community. A year later, the British pulled out of Greece, and the United States stepped in. â€Å"Stalin has broken every one of the promises he made at Yalta. † -Franklin Roosevelt â€Å"All of Germany must be our s; that is, Soviet communist. † -Joseph Stalin The Marshall plan: 1947 CE Massive destruction, starvation, and poverty across Europe necessitated an economic recovery plan. Currencies across Europe were severely devalued and raising credit was difficult. The Marshall Plan was announced by GeorgeMarshall in 1947 CE to kick-start the European economy. The economic recovery program provided credits to Europeans to purchase and import North American commodities. This was fundamental to reinvigorating the European economy. The Ignited States gave 13 billion dollars in rehabilitation aid. The plan was offered to the Soviet Union, but it was rejected; thus, all countries allied with the Soviet Union were forced to reject the plan as well. Stalin's reaction to the Marshall plan First and foremost, Stalin rejected the Marshall Plan and prohibited all Soviet allies from participating.In September 1 947, Stalin announced the formation f the Conform, to coordinate actions be;en communist parties under Soviet direction. Orders would be dictated from Moscow to the capitals in Soviet juju restrictions. â€Å"Don't start throwing your weight around. In Moscow, we know better how to apply Marxism-Leninism. † -Andrei Cadenza, spokesperson within the Conform In February 1948, Stalin approves a plan for a communist takeover of Czechoslovakia. Truman doctrine: 1947 CE The Truman Doctrine was a United States policy to halt the expansion of the Soviet Join during the Cold War.The policy sought to contain communism in Europe and elsewhere. Truman implored that the United States must support free peoples. The policy also provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey as the British pulled out. Berlin: city of binaries Berlin was deep within the Soviet bloc. Initially, in Berlin, there was some effort to collaborate between East and West Berlin. This began to break down as democratically elected officials in the Berlin Parliament were being harassed by communists. Berlin blockade: 24 June 1948 The Soviet Union decided to draw the entirety of Berlin into the Soviet zone.All land access points to West Berlin were cut off; travel was restricted and thing could be delivered. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche from West Berlin. Hunger was a strategic political tool. In response to this, the Western Allies arranged an airlift to carry supplies and necessities to the people Of West Berlin. The Western Allies managed to feed Berlin to get them through the winter. In early 1949, the blockade was lifted; effectively, it was a failure for Stalin and a propaganda disaster.For the Germans, the Americans became saviors and liberators; this cemented the German-American relationship. Battle lines set for the cold war On 01 October 1949, the Communist Party of China declared victory in the Chinese Civil War, and proclaimed the people's Republic of China. Williams' thesis was that America was ideologically hostile to China; however, there was brief hope that China would be communist but independent, allied to either side-?the Soviets and Americans. Moscow sought to bring China under its control.Mao-?the Chinese Communist party leader-?allied himself with Stalin and embraced a destructive and unbending version of Marxism-Leninism, which resulted in the obscene starvation of at least 30 million people between 1959 ND 1 961 when Mayo's theories of agriculture were lacking-?the Great Chinese Famine. During the Korean War, Mao-?aligned with the Soviet union and North Korea-?pitted 300,000 Chinese troops against South Korea, which was defended by the United States and the United Nations. The atomic age: the sass This period exemplifies the evolution of Cold War strategy.It was believed during the sass and sass that war could limited and conducted with nuclear weaponry. Policy was based on two ideas: cities would not be bombed, and Europe would be defended through a second Norm andy. Everything would be pulled off the continent, and nuclear bombs would be dropped along the coast. Cuban missile crisis: 1962 The idea of going to war ended with the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a basic illustration of international relations: behavior which is used as defensive by one faction is viewed as offensive by the other.As defense, the Ignited States installed missiles in Turkey; when Khrushchev, the Soviet Union's leader, got word of this, he installed missiles in Cuba. The Americans took images of the missiles in Cuba, and threatened the Soviet union that if the missiles were not withdrawn, war would ensue. In the early sass, the world edged closer to nuclear war than it had to that point. The Soviet Union backed down at the last moment, and the Americans began to draw conclusions from this: no one wants a nuclear war. Paradoxically, the idea of a limited nuclear war was abandoned as an idea; rather, mutual assured destruction would occur.Thus, any one nuclear assault would result in one response: a massive counterattack, resulting in a total war. The strategy to preserve peace, therefore, would be the constant threat Of the alternative: the risk of total war. This doctrine existed from the early sass o the mid-sass, and emerged again in the 1 9805. The central point was parity: peace can only be achieved in a nuclear world when both sides have an equal number of nuclear arms. The sass and sass: dtent, parity, and eventual dissolution The nuclear bombs race was characterized by the constant need for parity, and not madness on both sides like some peace writers suggest.Richard Nixon, the united States President, and Henry Singer, the United States Secretary of State, believed in the use of â€Å"carrots and sticks† to achieve dtent-?the loosening of tensions -with the Soviet Union. To achieve parity and end the ongoing nuclear race, both factions were to negotiate a reduction in nuclear arms-?they could step back tog ether. The idea behind this was classic realism: states with contrasting interests can only achieve cooperation through international institutions, rather than recognizing inherent state interests.There was a series of arms reductions in the 1 9705, which dissolved later in the decade, prompted by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the election of Ronald Reagan in the United States, who was ideologically hostile to the Soviet Union. Reagan believed that dtent had failed and revealed American weakness, potentially exposing America to strike by the Soviet Union. Thus, Reagan ramped up the rhetoric, called the Soviet Union an â€Å"evil empire,† and launched a massive American military expansion to increase defense. Soviet plans in 1979 CE The Soviet Union's plan was predicated on the assumption of a NATO attack.The plan was defensive, and in the event of an American attack, the Soviet union planned to sacrifice Poland; launch nuclear strikes on Vienna, Verona, Munich, Stutt gart, and Numerous; launch conventional attacks on Britain and France; assume Budapest destruction; and send Soviet troops to the Rhine. The intention was that the United States would negotiate and the Soviet Union would wage a nuclear war if the United States responded with a nuclear strike. On the brink of nuclear war: 1983 CE On 26 September 1 983, the threat of a total nuclear war was imminent.Ronald Reagan increased defense spending, which prompted the Yuri Android, the General Secretary of the Communist party in Soviet Union, to believe that the Americans were contemplating a preventative strike against the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union set-up new technology-?radar technology-?to detect attacks. In 1981 and 1 983, NATO launched a series of exercises. The most aggressive form was sending bombers near Soviet Union air space, and then having them keel Off. There were naval exercises near Turkey. These exercises were predominately to conduct psychological warfare and to collect i ntelligence data.In February 1 983, Soviet Union intelligence went into overdrive, convinced that the Americans were prepared to launch an attack. NATO began launching another series of exercises in the summer and autumn of 1983. On 01 September 1983, a Korean Airlines aircraft was shot down by the Soviet Union. Ronald Reagan launched Missile Shield System to intercept potential missiles. This convinced the Soviet Union that the United States had hostile intent. Senior members of the United States defense team participated in a mock nuclear war, further convincing the Soviet Union that the United States intended to strike.Blips equals missiles equals bomb equals war: the closest point of total nuclear war In the midst of all this, on 26 September 1 983, Satanists Petrol was monitoring the security screen for the Soviet Union. He observed five blips, representing incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles. He was to press a button which would trigger Soviet Missiles to be fired. Ho wever, he contemplated why there would only be five missiles-?if NATO were to strike, they would send more than five missiles. He paused, and the blips disappeared.This was the closest point We came to nuclear War. Two years later, Mikhail Geographer became the General Secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. He launches perestroika economically and reformed communist in order to save it; a result of this reform was a series of arms reductions strategies. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 , effectively ending the Cold War. The end of the cold war: different interpretations The end of the Cold War revealed the inherent weakness of the Soviet union-?the united States did not need to do anything.The Soviet union was a flawed economic model and did not produce any growth. Some argue that it was Geographer, paradoxically, while he wanted to save the Soviet Union, that led to its collapse by initiating reform, allowing dissent, and announcing the Sinatra Doctrine, allowing e ast European sovereignty over their affairs. A fading economy and political upheaval lead to the end of the Soviet Union. The great hero was Ronald Reagan, because he spurred the Soviet Union into ear bankruptcy by causing the Soviet Union's defense spending to surge to unsustainable levels.Cold war: varying theses as to its cause To the revisionist thesis, America was hostile to the type of government that the Soviet Union imposed on Eastern Europe. The hostility was about politics, not markets. The fundamental failure of W. Williams' argument was that 70-80 percent of America's market was based on domestic consumption; until the sass, the American economy produced a surplus. Therefore, the United States was fundamentally and Ideologically opposed to Soviet Union communism. Nevertheless, the United States baited, bluffed, and outnumbered the Soviet union.However, this does not mean that the Cold War was the American's fault. The Cold War could not be avoided. The revisionist, anti- American thesis is supported by their actions in Latin America, Vietnam, the Middle East. The orthodox, pro-Soviet union thesis denied the terror and believed the Soviet Union was a workers paradise. Despite the depression and absence of democracy, the Soviet Union received massive intellectual support. Imagine, if you will, someone who read only the Reader's Digest between 950 and 1970, and someone in the same period who read only The Nation or the New Statesman.Which reader would have been better informed about the realities of Communism? The answer, I think, should give us pause. Can it be that our enemies were right? -?Susan Sonata Key terms War is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by state and non-state actors. Limited war is a conflict in which the belligerents participating in war do not expend all of each of the participants' available resources at their disposal. Total war is a war in which a belligerent mobiles its population for war reduction. The word total refers to the extent of manipulation, not the extent of destruction.